737 lines
23 KiB
TeX
737 lines
23 KiB
TeX
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\documentclass[12pt,xcolor={usenames,dvipsnames}]{beamer}
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\newcommand{\lstinl}
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{\lstinline[language=C, keepspaces=true, basicstyle=\ttfamily]}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\title[] {Reliable and Fast DWARF-based Stack Unwinding}
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\author[\slidecountline]{\alert{\textbf{Théophile Bastian}}\\
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\textbf{Stephen Kell} \\
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\textbf{Francesco Zappa Nardelli}}
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\date{}
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%\subject{}
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%\logo{}
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\institute{ENS Paris, University of Kent, Inria}
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\begin{document}
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\begin{frame}
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\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}
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\titlepage{}
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\vspace{-2em}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
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\begin{tcolorbox}[halign=center, colframe=blue]
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\textbf{Webpage} (incl. slides)
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\smallskip
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\vspace{0.5em}
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{\small\url{https://huit.re/frdwarf}}\\
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\vspace{0.5em}
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\end{tcolorbox}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
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\begin{tcolorbox}[colframe=blue]
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\begin{center}\textbf{Funding}\end{center}
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\vspace{-1em}
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\smallskip
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ONR VerticA \\
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Google Research Fellowship
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\end{tcolorbox}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\begin{textblock*}{0.22\textwidth}[0.5,0](0.15\paperwidth,0.38\paperheight)%
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\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{img/stephen_circ.jpg}
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\end{textblock*}
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\begin{textblock*}{0.22\textwidth}[0.5,0](0.85\paperwidth,0.38\paperheight)%
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\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{img/fzn_circ.jpg}
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\end{textblock*}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{DWARF and stack unwinding data}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Introduction}
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\begin{frame}[fragile]{}
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\begin{columns}[c]
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\begin{column}{0.65\textwidth}
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\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\tt,language=gdb, numbers=none, escapechar=|]
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$ ./a.out
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Segmentation fault.
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|\pause|(gdb) backtrace
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#0 |0x54625| in fct_b
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#1 |\color{blue}0x54663| in fct_a
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#2 |\color{red}0x54674| in main
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\end{lstlisting}
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\pause{}
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\begin{center}
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\textbf{\Large How does it work?}
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\end{center}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.35\textwidth}
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\pause{}
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\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{img/call_stack}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Stack frames and unwinding}
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{columns}[c]
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\begin{column}{0.65\textwidth}
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\begin{center}
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\large\bf
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How do we get\\
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the return address?
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\vspace{2em}
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\onslide<2>{What if we only have \reg{rsp}?}
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\end{center}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.35\textwidth}
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\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{img/call_stack}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{DWARF tables}
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\newcolumntype{a}{>{\columncolor{RedOrange}}l}
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\begin{frame}{DWARF unwinding data}
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\tt \footnotesize
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{
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>{\columncolor{YellowGreen}}l
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>{\columncolor{Thistle}}l
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l l l l l l
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>{\columncolor{Apricot}}l}
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~PC & CFA & rbx & rbp & r12 & r13 & r14 & r15 & ra \\
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0084950 & rsp+8 & u & u & u & u & u & u & c-8 \\
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0084952 & rsp+16 & u & u & u & u & u & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084954 & rsp+24 & u & u & u & u & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084956 & rsp+32 & u & u & u & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084958 & rsp+40 & u & u & c-40 & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084959 & rsp+48 & u & c-48 & c-40 & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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\rowcolor{Aquamarine} 008495a & rsp+56 & c-56 & c-48 & c-40 & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084962 & rsp+64 & c-56 & c-48 & c-40 & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084a19 & rsp+56 & c-56 & c-48 & c-40 & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084a1d & rsp+48 & c-56 & c-48 & c-40 & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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0084a1e & rsp+40 & c-56 & c-48 & c-40 & c-32 & c-24 & c-16 & c-8 \\
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\only<1>{\vspace{19mm}}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.50\textwidth}
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\onslide<2->{
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\begin{tcolorbox}[enhanced, halign=center, frame hidden, colback=YellowGreen]
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\textbf{For each instruction\ldots}\\
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(identified by its program counter)
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\end{tcolorbox}
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}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.50\textwidth}
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\onslide<3->{
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\begin{tcolorbox}[enhanced, halign=center, frame hidden,
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interior style={right color=Apricot, left color=Thistle}]
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\textbf{\ldots{}an expression to compute its return address
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location on the stack}
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\end{tcolorbox}
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}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}[t, fragile]{The real DWARF}
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\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none, language=]
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30 24 34 FDE pc=004020..004040
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DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset: 16
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DW_CFA_advance_loc: 6 to 0000000000004026
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DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset: 24
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DW_CFA_advance_loc: 10 to 0000000000004030
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DW_CFA_def_cfa_expression (DW_OP_breg7 (rsp): 8; DW_OP_breg16 (rip): 0; DW_OP_lit15; DW_OP_and; DW_OP_lit11; DW_OP_ge; DW_OP_lit3; DW_OP_shl; DW_OP_plus)
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[...]
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\end{lstlisting}
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\pause{}
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\vfill
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\begin{itemize}
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\item[\textbf{$\longrightarrow$}] \textbf{\alert{constructed} on-demand
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by a \alert{Turing-complete stack machine}!}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{What does this imply?}
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Your compiler actually generates codes for \alert{two machines}: your
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processor and the DWARF VM\@.
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\vfill{}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{scope}[every node/.style={rectangle,thick,draw,scale=0.95}]
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\node (cmd) at (0, 2.5) {
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\lstbash{\$ gcc -S foo.c}
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};
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\node (asm) at (0, 0) {
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\lstinputlisting[numbers=none, language=cfiasm]{src/main_cfi.s}
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};
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\end{scope}
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\begin{scope}[>={Stealth[black]},
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every path/.style={draw=black,very thick}]
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\path [->] (cmd) -- (asm);
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\end{scope}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\medskip{}
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\textbf{The \lstc{.cfi_*} is inline DWARF!}
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\end{center}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{center}
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\bf
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$\implies$ if you write inline asm, you must write inline DWARF!
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\end{center}
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In \prog{glibc}, \prog{lowlevellock.h}:
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\alert{off by one error in unwinding data}.
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\lstinputlisting[language=gdb,numbers=none]{src/lowlevellock_backtrace}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\only<2->{
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\begin{textblock*}{0.90\textwidth}[0.5,0](0.5\paperwidth,0.10\paperheight)%
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\begin{tcolorbox}[halign=center, colframe=red, colback=Lavender]
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\bf \LARGE
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Complex \,\& \,slow
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\end{tcolorbox}
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\end{textblock*}
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}
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\only<3->{
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\begin{textblock*}{0.90\textwidth}[0.5,0](0.5\paperwidth,0.30\paperheight)%
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\begin{tcolorbox}[halign=center, colframe=red, colback=Lavender]
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\LARGE
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\textbf{Pervasive:}\\ relied upon by profilers, debuggers,
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aaand\ldots{}
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\onslide<4->{
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C++ exceptions. \\
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\medskip{}
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\textbf{$\leadsto$ not only for debuggers!}}
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\end{tcolorbox}
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\end{textblock*}
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}
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\end{frame}
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\newcommand{\LinusMailOne}{
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``Sorry, but last time was too f\dots painful. The whole (and
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only) point of unwinders is to make debugging easy
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when a bug occurs. But \alert{the dwarf unwinder had bugs}
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itself, or \alert{our dwarf information had bugs}, and in either
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case it actually turned several trivial bugs into a \alert{total
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undebuggable hell}.''
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}
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\newcommand{\LinusMailTwo}{
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``If you can \alert{mathematically prove that the unwinder is
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correct} — even in the presence of bogus and actively
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incorrect unwinding information — and never ever
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follows a bad pointer, \alert{I’ll reconsider}.''
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}
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\newcommand{\LinusSource}{
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\hfill ---~Linus Torvalds, 2012
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}
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.75\textwidth}
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\LinusMailOne{}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.25\textwidth}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img/roundtorvalds.png}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\only<1-2>{
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\vspace{1em}
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\LinusSource{}
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}
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\vspace{1em}
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\only<2>{
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\begin{center}
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\Large\bf
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\alert{This is where we still are!}
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\end{center}
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}
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\only<3>{
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\LinusMailTwo{}
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\vspace{1em}
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\LinusSource{}
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}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Correctness by construction:\\*\textbf{synthesis of unwinding tables}}
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\sectiontitleframe{}
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\newcommand{\tblrowval}[4]{#1 & #2 & \only<2->{#3} & \only<2->{#4} \\}
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\newcommand{\blknote}[1]
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{\begin{block}{}
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\centering\large
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#1
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\end{block}}
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\newcommand{\blklnote}[1]
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{\begin{block}{}
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\large
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#1
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\end{block}}
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\newcommand{\tblhl}{\rowcolor{Tan}}
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\begin{frame}
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\newcommand{\firsttblrows}{
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\tblrowval{\hspace{-2ex}<{\bf foo}>:}{}{\textbf{CFA}}{\textbf{ra}}
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\rowonly<4>{\tblhl{}} \tblrowval{push}{\%r15}{rsp+8}{c-8}
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\rowonly<5>{\tblhl{}} \tblrowval{push}{\%r14}{rsp+16}{c-8}
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\rowonly<6>{\tblhl{}} \tblrowval{mov}{\$0x3,\%eax}{rsp+24}{c-8}
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\rowonly<7>{\tblhl{}} \tblrowval{push}{\%r13}{rsp+24}{c-8}
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\tblrowval{push}{\%r12}{rsp+32}{c-8}
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\tblrowval{push}{\%rbp}{rsp+40}{c-8}
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\tblrowval{push}{\%rbx}{rsp+48}{c-8}
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\tblrowval{sub}{\$0x68,\%rsp}{rsp+56}{c-8}
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}
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{\only<3>{
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\begin{textblock*}{\textwidth}[0.5,0.5](0.5\paperwidth,0.5\paperheight)%
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\begin{tcolorbox}[halign=center, colframe=red, colback=Lavender]
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\large
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\alert{\bf Assumptions}
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\vspace{0.6em}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item the compiler generated the unwinding data
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\item we have a reliable DWARF interpreter
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\end{itemize}
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\end{tcolorbox}
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\end{textblock*}
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}}
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\only<-9>{
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\begin{table}
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\ttfamily\large
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\begin{tabularx}{0.9\linewidth}{
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l
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b
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>{\columncolor{SkyBlue}}s
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>{\columncolor{SkyBlue}}s
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}
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\firsttblrows{}%
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\tblrowval{add}{\$0x68,\%rsp}{rsp+160}{c-8}
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\tblrowval{pop}{\%rbx}{rsp+56}{c-8}
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\end{tabularx}
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\end{table}
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\blknote{
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\centering
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\begin{overlayarea}{0.9\textwidth}{2.6em}
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\only<4>{Upon function call, \alert{ra = *(\reg{rsp})}}
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\only<5>{\texttt{push} decreases \reg{rsp} by 8: %
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\alert{ra = *(\reg{rsp} + 8)}}
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\only<6>{and again: %
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\alert{ra = *(\reg{rsp} + 16)}}
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\only<7>{This \texttt{mov} leaves \reg{rsp} untouched: \\%
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\alert{ra = *(\reg{rsp} + 16)}}
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\only<8>{The unwinding table captures an \alert{abstract execution}
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of the code\ldots}
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\only<9>{\ldots and thus is \alert{redundant with the binary}.}
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\end{overlayarea}
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}
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}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Unwinding data synthesis from binaries}
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\begin{frame}{Synthesis strategy}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Upon entering a function, we know
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\[ \cfa = \reg{rsp} - 8
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\qquad \ra = \cfa + 8 \]
|
||
\item The semantics of each instruction specifies \alert{how it changes
|
||
the \cfa}.
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item Heuristic to decide whether we index with \reg{rbp} or
|
||
\reg{rsp}
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
\item By performing \alert{symbolic execution} with an abstract
|
||
semantics, we can \alert{synthesize the
|
||
unwinding table} line by line.
|
||
\item Control flow: forward data-flow analysis
|
||
\item The fixpoints are immediate, cf article
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
|
||
\vspace{1em}
|
||
\begin{tcolorbox}[halign=center, colframe=OliveGreen, colback=YellowGreen]
|
||
\large
|
||
Implemented on top of CMU's \prog{BAP}
|
||
\end{tcolorbox}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}{}
|
||
\vfill
|
||
\centering
|
||
\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=8pt,center,shadow=true,rounded=true]{title}
|
||
\Large
|
||
Demo time!
|
||
\end{beamercolorbox}
|
||
\vfill
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
||
\section{Unwinding data compilation}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\begin{center}
|
||
\Huge
|
||
Unwinding data is
|
||
\textsc{slo\pause{}o\pause{}o\pause{}o\pause{}o\pause{}o\pause{}o\pause{}o\pause{}w}.
|
||
\end{center}
|
||
\vspace{2em}
|
||
|
||
\pause{}
|
||
|
||
So much that \prog{perf} doesn't use it by default! You must use
|
||
\lstbash{perf report --call-graph dwarf} explicitly!
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
\sectiontitleframe{}
|
||
|
||
\subsection{Compilation ahead-of-time}
|
||
|
||
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
||
\begin{frame}[shrink]
|
||
\vspace{0.5cm}
|
||
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
||
\begin{scope}[every node/.style={rectangle,thick,draw,scale=0.95}]
|
||
\node (dwarf) at (0, 0) {
|
||
\lstinputlisting[basicstyle=\tiny\tt,numbers=none,language=]{src/dw_plt_abbr}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
\onslide<2->{
|
||
\node (table) at (0.5\textwidth, -0.23\textheight) {
|
||
\tiny\tt
|
||
\begin{tabular}{
|
||
>{\columncolor{YellowGreen}}l
|
||
>{\columncolor{Thistle}}l
|
||
l l
|
||
>{\columncolor{Apricot}}l}
|
||
~PC & CFA & rbx & rbp & ra \\
|
||
0084950 & rsp+8 & u & u & c-8 \\
|
||
0084952 & rsp+16 & u & u & c-8 \\
|
||
0084954 & rsp+24 & u & u & c-8 \\
|
||
0084956 & rsp+32 & u & u & c-8 \\
|
||
\end{tabular}
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
\onslide<3->{
|
||
\node (csrc) at (0, -0.6\textheight) {
|
||
\lstinputlisting[basicstyle=\tiny,numbers=none,language=C]{src/fib7/fib7.eh_elf_basic.c}
|
||
};
|
||
\node (ehelf) at (0.55\textwidth, -0.75\textheight) {
|
||
ELF file:
|
||
``\ehelf{}''
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
\end{scope}
|
||
|
||
\begin{scope}[>={Stealth[black]},
|
||
every node/.style={fill=white,rectangle},
|
||
every path/.style={draw=black,very thick}]
|
||
\only<2->{\path [->] (dwarf) -| node {runtime} (table);}
|
||
\only<3->{
|
||
\path [->] (dwarf) edge node {ahead of time} (csrc);
|
||
\path [->] (csrc) -| node {gcc, AoT} (ehelf);
|
||
}
|
||
\end{scope}
|
||
\end{tikzpicture}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
|
||
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item \alert{libunwind}: most common library for
|
||
unwinding
|
||
|
||
\bigskip{}
|
||
|
||
\item \alert{\texttt{libunwind-eh\_elf}}: modified version to support
|
||
\ehelfs{}
|
||
|
||
\item[$\leadsto$] Same API, almost \alert{``relink-and-play''} for existing projects!
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
|
||
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
||
\subsection{Results}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}{Performances}
|
||
\begin{center}
|
||
\Large\bf Unwinding speedup vs.\ libunwind:
|
||
\begin{columns}
|
||
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
|
||
\alert{x15} on gzip
|
||
\end{column}
|
||
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
|
||
\alert{x25} on hackbench
|
||
\end{column}
|
||
\end{columns}
|
||
\end{center}
|
||
|
||
\vfill
|
||
|
||
\begin{center}
|
||
\Large\bf Space overhead vs. DWARF:\\
|
||
\alert{x2.6 -- x3}
|
||
\end{center}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
||
\section*{Conclusion}
|
||
\setcounter{section}{0}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}{}
|
||
\vfill
|
||
\centering
|
||
\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=8pt,center,shadow=true,rounded=true]{title}
|
||
\Large
|
||
What's next?
|
||
\end{beamercolorbox}
|
||
\vfill
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}{}
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item{} Synthesis + compare = verification of unwinding data!
|
||
\item{} Integrate synthesis into compilers \& debuggers\\
|
||
$\rightarrow$ support for inline assembly, fallback method, \ldots
|
||
\item{} Integrate into \prog{perf} for online unwinding
|
||
\item{} Probably many more cool projects!
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
|
||
\vspace{1em}
|
||
|
||
\begin{center}
|
||
Come and chat if interested! \texttt{:)}
|
||
\end{center}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
||
\section*{Extra slides}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering]
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering]{Fixpoint upon control flow merge}
|
||
\begin{columns}
|
||
\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
|
||
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
||
\begin{scope}[every node/.style={rectangle,thick,draw,scale=0.95}]
|
||
\node (if) at (0, 5) {\lstbash{if cnd}};
|
||
\node (then) at (-1, 3) { \lstbash{then A} };
|
||
\node (else) at (1, 3) { \lstbash{else B} };
|
||
\node (after) at (0, 1) { \lstbash{C} };
|
||
\end{scope}
|
||
\node [circle, thick, draw, minimum size=3em, color=red] (circafter) at (0, 1) {};
|
||
\begin{scope}[>={Stealth[black]}, every path/.style={draw=black,very thick}]
|
||
\path [->] (if) -- (then);
|
||
\path [->] (if) -- (else);
|
||
\path [->] (then) -- (after);
|
||
\path [->] (else) -- (after);
|
||
\end{scope}
|
||
\end{tikzpicture}
|
||
\end{column}
|
||
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
|
||
\begin{center}
|
||
If eg.
|
||
\[
|
||
CFA(A) = c-48 \qquad CFA(B) = c-52
|
||
\]
|
||
no possible unwinding data for C, \alert{even for the
|
||
compiler}!
|
||
|
||
\vspace{1em}
|
||
Also, \alert{no possible clean function postlude}!
|
||
|
||
\vspace{2em}
|
||
$\implies$ $CFA(A) = CFA(B)$ and merge is immediate
|
||
\end{center}
|
||
\end{column}
|
||
\end{columns}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering]{Fixpoint upon loop control flow merge}
|
||
\begin{columns}
|
||
\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
|
||
\begin{tikzpicture}
|
||
\begin{scope}[every node/.style={rectangle,thick,draw,scale=0.95}]
|
||
\node (inbound) at (0, 7) {\lstbash{A}};
|
||
\node (while) at (0, 5) {\lstbash{for i in ...}};
|
||
\node (do) at (0, 3) { \lstbash{do a = array[i]; B} };
|
||
\node (done) at (0, 1) { \lstbash{C} };
|
||
\end{scope}
|
||
\node [ellipse, thick, draw, minimum width=10em, minimum height=3em, color=red] (circafter) at (0, 3) {};
|
||
\begin{scope}[>={Stealth[black]}, every path/.style={draw=black,very thick}]
|
||
\path [->] (inbound) -- (while);
|
||
\path [->] (while) edge[bend right] (do);
|
||
\path [->] (do) -- (done);
|
||
\path [->] (do) edge[bend right] (while);
|
||
\end{scope}
|
||
\end{tikzpicture}
|
||
\end{column}
|
||
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
|
||
\begin{center}
|
||
{\large\alert{Variable stack frame size!}}
|
||
|
||
\vspace{1em}
|
||
|
||
We cannot hope for a simple invariant\dots\\
|
||
but the compiler cannot
|
||
either.
|
||
|
||
\vspace{1em}
|
||
|
||
{
|
||
\large\alert{$\implies$} the compiler will\\
|
||
\alert{fallback to \reg{rbp}}\\
|
||
}
|
||
even with \lstbash{--fomit-frame-pointer}
|
||
\end{center}
|
||
\end{column}
|
||
\end{columns}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
\end{document}
|