From 1b3607b18c09f02e77e4ea0ae91d675f9981195f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Th=C3=A9ophile=20Bastian?= <contact@tobast.fr>
Date: Wed, 27 Dec 2023 17:44:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Foundations: SIMD
---
manuscrit/20_foundations/10_cpu_arch.tex | 26 +-
manuscrit/assets/imgs/20_foundations/simd.svg | 503 ++++++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 527 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 manuscrit/assets/imgs/20_foundations/simd.svg
diff --git a/manuscrit/20_foundations/10_cpu_arch.tex b/manuscrit/20_foundations/10_cpu_arch.tex
index 617ac76..b0a6cea 100644
--- a/manuscrit/20_foundations/10_cpu_arch.tex
+++ b/manuscrit/20_foundations/10_cpu_arch.tex
@@ -235,5 +235,27 @@ Processors operate at a given \emph{word size}, fixed by the ISA ---~typically
32 or 64 bits nowadays, even though embedded processors might operate at lower
word sizes.
-Some operations, however, are able to work on chunks of data larger than the
-word size.
+Some instructions, however, operate on chunks of multiple words at once. These
+instructions are called \emph{vector instructions}, or \emph{SIMD} for Single
+Instruction, Multiple Data. A SIMD ``add'' instruction may, for instance, add
+two chunks of 128 bits, which can for instance be treated each as four integers
+of 32 bits bundled together, as illustrated in \autoref{fig:cpu_simd}.
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{simd.svg}
+ \caption{Example of SIMD add instruction on 128b}\label{fig:cpu_simd}
+\end{figure}
+
+Such instructions present clear efficiency advantages. If the processor is able
+to handle one such instruction every cycle ---~even if it is pipelined for
+multiple cycles~---, it multiplies by its number of vector elements the
+processor's throughput, making it able to process \eg{} four add operations per
+cycle instead of one, as long as the data is arranged in memory in an
+appropriate way. Some processors, however, are not able to process the full
+vector instruction at once, by lack of backend units ---~it may, for instance,
+only process two 32-bits adds at once, making the processor able to execute
+only one such instruction per two cycles. Even in this case, there are clear
+efficiency benefits: while there is no real gain in the backend, the frontend
+has only one instruction to decode, rename, etc., greatly alleviating frontend
+pressure. \qtodo{Ref. to RISC-V vector extensions?}
diff --git a/manuscrit/assets/imgs/20_foundations/simd.svg b/manuscrit/assets/imgs/20_foundations/simd.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2289ada
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